PGPC is an oxidized phospholipid that can be formed under conditions of oxidative stress. It is found as a component in mildly oxidized LDL (MM-LDL) and in products formed from the oxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Ox-PAPC). PGPC activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα) in a concentration-dependent manner in a cell-based ligand-binding assay. It increases VCAM1 and E-selectin expression in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), as well as HAEC binding by monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), in a concentration-dependent manner. PGPC (37.5 μM) also increases total 5-lipoxygenase metabolites in murine resident peritoneal macrophages (RPMs) and induces apoptosis in A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 50 μM. PGPC levels are increased in the serum, LDL, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with coronary artery disease. UVA irradiation increases PGPC levels in cultured human skin fibroblasts.