(-)-Epicatechin exhibits >95% inhibitory activity at 70 μg/mL against cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. In RINm5F cells, (-)-Epicatechin is shown to block the inhibition of insulin release after addition of IL-1β. Additionally, (-)-Epicatechin is shown to inhibit the proliferation of Hodgkin's lymphoma cells and Jurkat T cells, which is attributed to the ability of (-)-Epicatechin to inhibit the binding of NF-κB to DNA in these cells. In human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells, combining 20 μM Panaxadiol with 150, 200, or 250 μM (-)-Epicatechin results in growth inhibition of 51%, 97%, and 95%, respectively. The combination also increases the apoptosis level by 11.9%, 16.6%, and 25.8%, as examined by annexin V/PI staining.